Japan lies at the convergence of four major tectonic plates,
making it one of the most seismically active regions in the world. Fuelled by warm ocean waters, the country's long island chain is also frequented by typhoons each year, often bringing intense rainfall and strong winds. 

This report is an overview of a comprehensive Probable Maximum Loss (PML) assessment completed for a proposed High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) submarine interconnector located in Japan. It offers a high-level view of hazards along the potential cable’s path, crossing varied bathymetric and geological terrains and requiring adaptive installation and protection strategies.

Renew Risk was commissioned to consider three primary natural hazards: earthquakes, typhoons and cascading events (e.g. an earthquake followed by a typhoon).